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Yesterday, February 28, 2025, a date which will live in infamy – politicalbetting.com

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  • noneoftheabovenoneoftheabove Posts: 23,935

    @Leon no offence but nobody gives a fuck whether you are or are not related to Rollo

    I doubt anyone will even give him their last rollo.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    IanB2 said:

    Why not think about it for a second before typing out more rubbish?

    As I said above, it's a mathematical fact that both you and I have 300,000,000,000,000 direct ancestors if you go back 48 generations. If you went back to the tiny population back then, there will be a fair few people whose lines died out - statistically this will be people who had no children or whose children had no children (since once you go beyond that, the chances of an entire line dying out diminish toward zero very rapidly). For all the others, certainly in this end of Europe, we're all descended from all of them, and that 300,000,000,000,000 hits would have to be distributed over just a few tens of million people, with those whose lines haven't died out scoring an average of ten million hits each.

    Both you and I are likely descended from Rollo some ten million times over.
    You’re confusing direct descent with “being on the same family tree”. It’s your inverse Wykehamist Fallacy again
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031

    @Leon no offence but nobody gives a fuck whether you are or are not related to Rollo

    Well, the people who are now almost certainly related to Leon might...
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    Leon said:

    Try this

    Ask DeepSeek

    “How many living direct descendants does Rollo of Normandy have, living today?”

    Answer:

    “It’s impossible to be exact, but a reasonable estimate would place Rollo of Normandy’s living direct descendants at tens of thousands—possibly more.

    Reasoning:
    • Rollo (c. 860–930 CE) lived around 1,100 years ago, which translates roughly to 35 generations.
    • Noble families like Rollo’s tended to have well-documented lineages through European royalty and aristocracy, who historically had numerous offspring.
    • Royal and noble descendants spread widely over Europe through marriage and reproduction.

    Known facts:
    • William the Conqueror was Rollo’s great-great-great-grandson, and through William, Rollo’s descendants multiplied exponentially among European nobility.
    • Royal genealogists have identified thousands of documented direct descendants today—most European monarchs and aristocratic families trace ancestry to Rollo.

    Given exponential growth, intermarriage, and known historical documentation, it’s very plausible that tens of thousands (possibly even hundreds of thousands) alive today could claim direct descent.

    However, provable, documented direct descent is limited mainly to aristocratic or royal lineages, probably numbering in the thousands to tens of thousands at most.”
    Showing the ignorance and bullshit of AI there.

    Rollo of Normandy would have hundreds of millions of direct descendants today.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    kamski said:

    You're just wrong. We are all direct (genetic) descendants of Rollo (if he has any living descendants, which is likely).

    Sorry if this fact punctures the only thing you thought you had going for you.
    I’m sorry I’m ALSO posher than you. And @IanB2


    However it should be noted that our family’s poshness didn’t last. Within ten generations we were down the tin mines that we used to own
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163
    edited March 2
    Leon said:

    You’re confusing direct descent with “being on the same family tree”. It’s your inverse Wykehamist Fallacy again
    Doesn't matter. Science and maths say you are wrong. All Europeans have the exact same genetic ancestors 1,000 years ago. There are loads of articles on the internet explaining this, even in terms simple enough for a dimwit like you to understand.
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322
    Sean_F said:

    Looking at maps of the front line now, and the front line on 2nd March 2024, the changes are miniscule, at a cost of about 300,000 Russian casualties. I don't think Russia is winning on the battlefield at all.
    An interesting question (if grim). Did the allies win the battle of the Somme? Arguably minuscule changes to the front, but, it forced the Germans to create the Hindenburg line, to retreat giving up land to straighten the line. They were seriously reduced and concerned by ‘Somme fighting.’
    In this context both Ukraine and Russia have similar issues. Casualtiesvthat can’t be replaced, economies in the toilet, massive war weariness.
  • JonathanJonathan Posts: 22,100
    Evolution teaches us if you back far enough you share a common ancestor with your dog. Fido’s great, great,…, great grandmother is your great, great,…, great grandmother.

    Food for thought.
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    edited March 2
    Leon said:

    Try this

    Ask DeepSeek

    “How many living direct descendants does Rollo of Normandy have, living today?”

    Answer:

    “It’s impossible to be exact, but a reasonable estimate would place Rollo of Normandy’s living direct descendants at tens of thousands—possibly more.

    Reasoning:
    • Rollo (c. 860–930 CE) lived around 1,100 years ago, which translates roughly to 35 generations.
    • Noble families like Rollo’s tended to have well-documented lineages through European royalty and aristocracy, who historically had numerous offspring.
    • Royal and noble descendants spread widely over Europe through marriage and reproduction.

    Known facts:
    • William the Conqueror was Rollo’s great-great-great-grandson, and through William, Rollo’s descendants multiplied exponentially among European nobility.
    • Royal genealogists have identified thousands of documented direct descendants today—most European monarchs and aristocratic families trace ancestry to Rollo.

    Given exponential growth, intermarriage, and known historical documentation, it’s very plausible that tens of thousands (possibly even hundreds of thousands) alive today could claim direct descent.

    However, provable, documented direct descent is limited mainly to aristocratic or royal lineages, probably numbering in the thousands to tens of thousands at most.”
    That's a complete fail, and all you've demonstrated is the pitfalls of relying on AI for something that is complicated.

    The number of generations is underestimated because it's used the current average maternal age at childbirth of just over 30, and applied it through history, which is obvious nonsense - and a figure in the mid-20s makes an absolutely huge difference. And after that it's failed to do any meaningful maths at all. You should stop relying on a search engine to think about stuff.
  • stodgestodge Posts: 14,298
    Morning all :)

    Trump's desire to become the new Gandhi notwithstanding, he and his people, in their desperate quest to achieve "peace" for their master's self promotion, have forgotten one key point. The current situation works well for a lot of vested interests.

    Not, obviously, for the Russians, Ukrainians and North Koreans doing the fighting and dying and not for the civilians displaced but beyond them - both the leaderships in Moscow and Kyiv are empowered by the fighting. Neither faces serious opposition and both Putin and Zelensky, in their own very different ways, are portrayed as heroes to their people.

    The other group doing well out of this is or are arms manufacturers - their products are now in demand and with increased defence spending across much of the western world (offsetting planned redictions in America) that means more orders, more work and more profit. More orders means employing more people which boosts regional and national economies at a time of weak growth.

    A contained stalemated conflict therefore suits a lot of players and "changing" that creates new uncertainty and potential instability. Keeping Putin tied up in the Donetsk means he can't do much elsewhere. Even trying to pry him from Xi is a poor move in some respects - Xi's own armaments industry and that in North Korea are being kept busy by Russian orders for artillery and ammunition.

    From memory, I recall the Iran-Iraq War being a similar situation with plenty of players providing plenty of arms to both sides to enable huge offensives which achieved nothing but leaving tens of thousands dead.

    So, I'm back to where I was yesterday morning - what does a "peace" deal look like and who actually wants Brazilian, Nigerian or Indian troops patrolling the ruins of Mariupol ? Short answer, and I recognise this will be a deeply cynical viewpoint, no one. Keeping the current conflict going at the current level works well for some important players and the actions of the last few days seem predicated on keeping that conflict going as neither Putin nor Zelensky would survive a "peace" even on current terms.
  • boulayboulay Posts: 6,001
    Leon said:

    You’re confusing direct descent with “being on the same family tree”. It’s your inverse Wykehamist Fallacy again
    A Wykehamist writes, are you sure you are using “Wykehamist Fallacy” in the correct context? It means the wrongheadedness where you think everyone really has the same views and attitudes and you are all educated the same way thus missing the reality of other people’s attitudes.

    Would be like assuming that Trump’s bizarre behaviour re Ukraine was a cover and behind the scenes he thinks about things the same way we do when in fact he really doesn’t so we have to deal with the real person not the wrongly analysed person.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031
    Jonathan said:

    Evolution teaches us if you back far enough you share a common ancestor with your dog. Fido’s great, great,…, great grandmother is your great, great,…, great grandmother.

    Food for thought.

    We can all trace our ancestry back to an amoeba called Kevin.
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163
    Leon said:

    I’m sorry I’m ALSO posher than you. And @IanB2


    However it should be noted that our family’s poshness didn’t last. Within ten generations we were down the tin mines that we used to own
    So the only remaining thing you've got going for you is being posher than 2 anonymous posters on a politics nerds' website. Sad.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    Leon said:

    You’re confusing direct descent with “being on the same family tree”. It’s your inverse Wykehamist Fallacy again
    No, he's not.

    You have hundreds of trillions of direct ancestors. 2^48

    That's not "same family tree", that's not counting brothers and sisters, aunts or uncles or any other relatives, that's pure direct ancestry.

    Now there have never been that many people alive, so obviously the same people appear in the direct ancestry many times over, but the point is that when it comes to ancestry, we all have the same ultimately. Through direct bloodlines, parent to child to the power of 48 generations.
  • OmniumOmnium Posts: 11,320

    We can all trace our ancestry back to an amoeba called Kevin.
    That's a rough gig. You're and amoeba and you're called Kevin.
  • MexicanpeteMexicanpete Posts: 30,585
    edited March 2
    Leon said:

    Yes Mrs Ian but as I just said the difference is we have a definitive paper trail

    It occurs to me you suffer from a kind of inverse-Wykehamist Fallacy, you are not intelligent enough to understand how much brighter I am, than you
    Why the capitalised "f" in "Fallacy"? I don't believe "Wykamist fallacy" is a "thing", so fallacy in this context is not a proper noun. Anyone "brighter" than Ian's dog should have known this.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031
    Omnium said:

    That's a rough gig. You're and amoeba and you're called Kevin.
    Hundred of millions of years later and he still can't live it down....
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    Leon said:

    I’m sorry I’m ALSO posher than you. And @IanB2


    However it should be noted that our family’s poshness didn’t last. Within ten generations we were down the tin mines that we used to own
    You are at least demonstrating how that came to pass.
  • kjhkjh Posts: 12,317
    Leon said:

    Try this

    Ask DeepSeek

    “How many living direct descendants does Rollo of Normandy have, living today?”

    Answer:

    “It’s impossible to be exact, but a reasonable estimate would place Rollo of Normandy’s living direct descendants at tens of thousands—possibly more.

    Reasoning:
    • Rollo (c. 860–930 CE) lived around 1,100 years ago, which translates roughly to 35 generations.
    • Noble families like Rollo’s tended to have well-documented lineages through European royalty and aristocracy, who historically had numerous offspring.
    • Royal and noble descendants spread widely over Europe through marriage and reproduction.

    Known facts:
    • William the Conqueror was Rollo’s great-great-great-grandson, and through William, Rollo’s descendants multiplied exponentially among European nobility.
    • Royal genealogists have identified thousands of documented direct descendants today—most European monarchs and aristocratic families trace ancestry to Rollo.

    Given exponential growth, intermarriage, and known historical documentation, it’s very plausible that tens of thousands (possibly even hundreds of thousands) alive today could claim direct descent.

    However, provable, documented direct descent is limited mainly to aristocratic or royal lineages, probably numbering in the thousands to tens of thousands at most.”
    It is difficult to know what point you are trying to make. There is no difference between direct decedent and genealogical ancestor. We are all both. Simply do the maths. 2 to the power of however many generations between them and now and you get a number that exceeds the entire population of the globe at the time.

    Unless you are saying that you can trace your family tree back to then which of course most of us can't.

    So for instance there is no difference between Danny Dyer and myself having a king from medieval times as our gggggg.. grandad except he can trace the line and I can't. But we both have that line.
  • MexicanpeteMexicanpete Posts: 30,585

    We can all trace our ancestry back to an amoeba called Kevin.
    Who would have thought BBC correspondent Frank Gardner and Danny Dyer are related by dint of their ascendency from William the Conqueror?
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    kjh said:

    It is difficult to know what point you are trying to make. There is no difference between direct decedent and genealogical ancestor. We are all both. Simply do the maths. 2 to the power of however many generations between them and now and you get a number that exceeds the entire population of the globe at the time.

    Unless you are saying that you can trace your family tree back to then which of course most of us can't.

    So for instance there is no difference between Danny Dyer and myself having a king from medieval times as our gggggg.. grandad except he can trace the line and I can't. But we both have that line.
    We're all saying the same thing, but Leon doesn't seem capable of thinking it through.

    relying on AI has already addled his brain, and we just have to hope is isn't leading the way for our species.
  • TazTaz Posts: 16,919
    @MattW

    I see what you meant about Blackbeltbarrister a while back.

    He’s certainly been on a journey. His channel and feed used to be worth following. Now it’s full of right of centre conspiracy stuff.

    https://x.com/dshensmith/status/1896107150730211711?s=61
  • maxhmaxh Posts: 1,546
    kjh said:

    It is difficult to know what point you are trying to make. There is no difference between direct decedent and genealogical ancestor. We are all both. Simply do the maths. 2 to the power of however many generations between them and now and you get a number that exceeds the entire population of the globe at the time.

    Unless you are saying that you can trace your family tree back to then which of course most of us can't.

    So for instance there is no difference between Danny Dyer and myself having a king from medieval times as our gggggg.. grandad except he can trace the line and I can't. But we both have that line.
    Speaking as a fellow Cornishman, I think Leon may be working to different assumptions.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    This is actually a genuine puzzle with much dispute

    (Originally I was just winding up @IanB2)

    Grok 3 has a very different take to DeepSeek and ChatGPT (which estimates 10s to 100s of thousands)

    Grok:

    “Thus, an approximate answer: Rollo likely has 10–50 million living descendants today, with only a tiny fraction (thousands) documented. This is a rough estimate, blending historical genealogy with population trends, and reflects the vast, untraceable web of descent over a millennium.”

    So something like 1 in 20 Europeans (given that /9 much of his seed will now be widely scattered across the world)

  • StillWatersStillWaters Posts: 9,348
    That’s unfair

    Of course the PM matters at this point in time. But she’s just doing her job
  • algarkirkalgarkirk Posts: 13,669
    Jonathan said:

    Evolution teaches us if you back far enough you share a common ancestor with your dog. Fido’s great, great,…, great grandmother is your great, great,…, great grandmother.

    Food for thought.

    More than that, we share ancestry with ferns and bacteria and slime moulds, assuming that the usual single source of all life theory (known as LUCA I think) is true, which it probably is. (If you are looking for earth shattering new discoveries, a discovery on planet earth of unrelated living forms would be a candidate. If life is common in the universe then it may be around. If not, not.)
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322

    No, he's not.

    You have hundreds of trillions of direct ancestors. 2^48

    That's not "same family tree", that's not counting brothers and sisters, aunts or uncles or any other relatives, that's pure direct ancestry.

    Now there have never been that many people alive, so obviously the same people appear in the direct ancestry many times over, but the point is that when it comes to ancestry, we all have the same ultimately. Through direct bloodlines, parent to child to the power of 48 generations.
    You all seem to be forgetting cousin marraiage. An awful lot of those huge number of ancestors are the same person many, many times over. Historically two things were true. The nobility tended to marry within the nobility. And people generally moved around a heck of a lot less. Think about regional accents. They have arisen because people didn’t mix that much. It’s entirely plausible that anyone on this board isn’t a direct descendent of Rollo.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    algarkirk said:

    More than that, we share ancestry with ferns and bacteria and slime moulds, assuming that the usual single source of all life theory (known as LUCA I think) is true, which it probably is. (If you are looking for earth shattering new discoveries, a discovery on planet earth of unrelated living forms would be a candidate. If life is common in the universe then it may be around. If not, not.)
    What about black smokers?
  • kjhkjh Posts: 12,317
    Leon said:

    You’re confusing direct descent with “being on the same family tree”. It’s your inverse Wykehamist Fallacy again
    Nope. We are all direct descendants. Do the damn maths. Honestly the fact that you don't understand the really simple power of two problem really does put paid to the hight IQ fallacy.

    Think of the grain of rice problem on a chess board that gets doubled on the next square and doubles again on the next square etc.
  • BattlebusBattlebus Posts: 562
    edited March 2
    Interesting diversion into genealogy. And the previous discussion about Britishness when most of our royalty are as mongrel as we are. Casey3 is half Greek.

    Is Posh another name for mongrel?
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    kjh said:

    Nope. We are all direct descendants. Do the damn maths. Honestly the fact that you don't understand the really simple power of two problem really does put paid to the hight IQ fallacy.

    Think of the grain of rice problem on a chess board that gets doubled on the next square and doubles again on the next square etc.
    It’s a tiny bit more complicated than that
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    edited March 2
    Leon said:

    This is actually a genuine puzzle with much dispute

    (Originally I was just winding up @IanB2)

    Grok 3 has a very different take to DeepSeek and ChatGPT (which estimates 10s to 100s of thousands)

    Grok:

    “Thus, an approximate answer: Rollo likely has 10–50 million living descendants today, with only a tiny fraction (thousands) documented. This is a rough estimate, blending historical genealogy with population trends, and reflects the vast, untraceable web of descent over a millennium.”

    So something like 1 in 20 Europeans (given that /9 much of his seed will now be widely scattered across the world)

    That's another fail. Why not give up with the original problem, which is clearly beyond you?

    Try yourself on this simpler one. Does the fact that three AIs give three widely different - effectively conflicting - answers, more likely mean:

    A: that it's a "genuine puzzle with much dispute"?

    or:

    B: that AIs have a very long way to go before we can rely on them to give accurate answers to complicated questions?

    Take your time. Clue: it's either A, or B.
  • glwglw Posts: 10,254
    Scott_xP said:

    @TristanSnell

    Kids are dying of measles. Egg prices are skyrocketing. Bird flu is out of control. Planes are falling out of the sky. Inflation is rising. Tariffs are coming. Consumer confidence is collapsing. A recession is now likely. The stock market is dropping.

    Donald Trump is golfing.
    41 days in office, 11 days golfing so far.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    edited March 2

    You all seem to be forgetting cousin marraiage. An awful lot of those huge number of ancestors are the same person many, many times over. Historically two things were true. The nobility tended to marry within the nobility. And people generally moved around a heck of a lot less. Think about regional accents. They have arisen because people didn’t mix that much. It’s entirely plausible that anyone on this board isn’t a direct descendent of Rollo.
    I didn't forget cousin marriage, I explicitly mentioned that we have the same people appearing in the ancestry many times over.

    However the odds of each of the hundreds of trillions of possible permutations, even reduced, not being hit once is utterly miniscule. And while the nobility tended to marry the nobility, that was only for the lines that continued the noble line which relied heavily on primogeniture, eventually the 4th child of the 4th child of the 4th child etc isn't getting noble marriages anymore though they still have the same direct ancestry.

    The odds of anyone on this board not being a direct descendent by now are so close to zero they effectively are zero.
  • bondegezoubondegezou Posts: 13,074

    You all seem to be forgetting cousin marraiage. An awful lot of those huge number of ancestors are the same person many, many times over. Historically two things were true. The nobility tended to marry within the nobility. And people generally moved around a heck of a lot less. Think about regional accents. They have arisen because people didn’t mix that much. It’s entirely plausible that anyone on this board isn’t a direct descendent of Rollo.
    Another issue, however, is that recorded trees of ancestry aren’t going to be very reliable. Quite a few people don’t have the father they supposedly have. Ergo, relying on some genealogical research that far back is pointless because actually your great great great granddaddy isn’t your great great great granddaddy.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    This is fun. I’m going to try Claude

  • MexicanpeteMexicanpete Posts: 30,585
    Battlebus said:

    Interesting diversion into genealogy. And the previous discussion about Britishness when most of our royalty as as mongrel as we are. Casey3 is half Greek.

    It's just one of Leon's infamous thread diversions.
  • malcolmgmalcolmg Posts: 43,922
    Taz said:

    @MattW

    I see what you meant about Blackbeltbarrister a while back.

    He’s certainly been on a journey. His channel and feed used to be worth following. Now it’s full of right of centre conspiracy stuff.

    https://x.com/dshensmith/status/1896107150730211711?s=61

    they all end up addicted to making more cash
  • ydoethurydoethur Posts: 72,860
    glw said:

    41 days in office, 11 days golfing so far.
    Short by 30 days of what was needed.
  • StillWatersStillWaters Posts: 9,348

    I disagree, I’m the other way. There is absolutely no way Putin will agree to allow what’s left of Ukraine to join NATO, will never sign anything allowing that, so Starmer and Europe are locked on course to selling out Ukraine. Wave after wave of talks will fall on the question of NATO membership until Starmer and Europe will insist Ukraine cuts a deal that will never be justified or fair, in order to make the war stop.

    There is no “win win” or lasting peace option from where it is now, so all hugs in Downing Street and elsewhere in Europe have to be seen as ultimately leading to that betrayal and an unfair deal for Ukraine forced on them. that in itself will set the precedent
    sovereign borders can be redrawn, that will
    be music to the Kremlin’s ears.
    Or until Russia crumbles and the front line is pushed back

    (In answer to the inevitable question, my preference would be pre 2014 borders, but the 2021 borders would be an ok ceasefire line. Plus something in addition for withdrawing from Kursk.)
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    Leon said:

    It’s a tiny bit more complicated than that
    Indeed.

    Its complicated by the fact you're incapable of doing the damn maths and so are relying upon AI to do it for you.
  • SouthamObserverSouthamObserver Posts: 39,998
    Scott_xP said:
    I've been searching for what it is in JD Vance that seems so familiar and that sketch provides the answer. He's "butch". It's perfect. He's butch like a character out of a 1970s British sitcom. Someone Mr Humphries would fancy because Mr Humphries knows who he really is.

  • Alphabet_SoupAlphabet_Soup Posts: 3,537

    It's just one of Leon's infamous thread diversions.
    Having been adopted at three months I have no idea who my parents were. But I do have blue eyes, which must count for something when separating the wheat from the chaff.
  • MattWMattW Posts: 25,752
    edited March 2
    Quotes slightly borked somehow. I said this:
    MattW said:

    JUST IN: Elon Musk says he agrees it is time for the US to leave NATO and the UN
    https://x.com/spectatorindex/status/1896046033853169812

    It's worth PBers noting that "The Spectator Index" is not connected with The Spectator magazine.

    On Twitter it's bigger than the Times or Good Morning Britain, but this news source has no reporters, no fact-checkers – and until now, its owner has never been named. Who is behind The Spectator Index?

    https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2020/03/spectator-index-news-sources-who-behind
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_Index

    I think Leon said:
    It’s some Australian dude I think. Who randomly got famous

    I’d be really surprised if Elon said something THAT crass - leave NATO and the UN? My guess is there is, at least, some context missing. An hypothetical
    (Agree with Leon on these 2 paras.)
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834

    You all seem to be forgetting cousin marraiage. An awful lot of those huge number of ancestors are the same person many, many times over. Historically two things were true. The nobility tended to marry within the nobility. And people generally moved around a heck of a lot less. Think about regional accents. They have arisen because people didn’t mix that much. It’s entirely plausible that anyone on this board isn’t a direct descendent of Rollo.
    Not when you have 300,000,000,000,000 ancestors to distribute between probably 25,000,000 people, it isn't.

    It's the old story of the human mind struggling with compounding, such that it's so hard to appreciate that a single penny doubled each day for a month would net you nearly eleven million pounds, even when you know the answer already.
  • bondegezoubondegezou Posts: 13,074

    Or until Russia crumbles and the front line is pushed back

    (In answer to the inevitable question, my preference would be pre 2014 borders, but the 2021 borders would be an ok ceasefire line. Plus something in addition for withdrawing from Kursk.)
    Would Putin be happy with the 1953 borders?
  • stodgestodge Posts: 14,298
    edited March 2

    It's just one of Leon's infamous thread diversions.
    Understandable - Reform supporters like him don't want to talk about supporting Putin especially as they are clearly on the wrong side of public opinion this time and that's the thing with so-called populist parties - they always have to be on the right side of opinion because a populist party can never be unpopular otherwise what's the point of them?
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322

    I didn't forget cousin marriage, I explicitly mentioned that we have the same people appearing in the ancestry many times over.

    However the odds of each of the hundreds of trillions of possible permutations, even reduced, not being hit once is utterly miniscule. And while the nobility tended to marry the nobility, that was only for the lines that continued the noble line which relied heavily on primogeniture, eventually the 4th child of the 4th child of the 4th child etc isn't getting noble marriages anymore though they still have the same direct ancestry.

    The odds of anyone on this board not being a direct descendent by now are so close to zero they effectively are zero.
    I think that is too high an estimate and doesn’t take account of realistic heritage. Just applying the law of big numbers doesn’t work without understanding the rules. Your assumption is of random breeding for say 48 generations but that won’t have been the case.
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163
    Leon said:

    This is actually a genuine puzzle with much dispute

    (Originally I was just winding up @IanB2)

    Grok 3 has a very different take to DeepSeek and ChatGPT (which estimates 10s to 100s of thousands)

    Grok:

    “Thus, an approximate answer: Rollo likely has 10–50 million living descendants today, with only a tiny fraction (thousands) documented. This is a rough estimate, blending historical genealogy with population trends, and reflects the vast, untraceable web of descent over a millennium.”

    So something like 1 in 20 Europeans (given that /9 much of his seed will now be widely scattered across the world)

    There's a competition between LLMs to see which one can be most wrong? Not surprising.

    AFAIK there is no actual dispute. Did you read this?

    https://gcbias.org/european-genealogy-faq/

    It's actually very interesting, and written for a non-scientific audience, so you might be able to cope.

    It answers these questions:

    1. How did you learn about genealogical ancestry from genetics?
    2. How did you find out when these shared ancestors lived?
    3. What did you find?

    Questions about the interpretation of genealogical ancestry and our results.
    4. If all Europeans share the same set of common ancestors 1000 years ago, how can there be variation in the number of shared ancestors?
    5. If you and I share all of our common ancestors 1000 years ago, why are we not genetically (almost) identical?
    6. I know from the work on mtDNA that we all share a common ancestor tens of thousands of years ago, and yet you say that we all share a common ancestor only a few thousand years ago. Is one of these facts wrong?
    7. How can it be that a person from the UK has more distant cousins in Ireland than in the UK?
    8. What about recent immigrants to Europe?
    9. How long ago did the most recent common ancestor of all modern humans live?

    Questions about historical interpretations
    10. Why do people on the Italian and Iberian peninsulas have relatively fewer common ancestors with other populations than other European populations?
    11. Could population movements in the past 100 years explain the higher levels of sharing in some parts of the world?
    12. Can your results about (insert population) be explained by (insert historical fact)?

    Questions about our work and personal genomics results.
    13. How does this relate to who my mitochondrial/Y-chromosomal haplogroup says I’m related to?
    14. How can personal genomics companies (e.g. 23andme) place a European on the map of the Europe, if all Europeans are related to each other just a thousand years ago?
    15. Personal genomics companies identify genetic connections (via shared genomic regions) between distant cousins. How long ago does this connections date too, and what do they mean in light of your results?
  • kjhkjh Posts: 12,317

    I didn't forget cousin marriage, I explicitly mentioned that we have the same people appearing in the ancestry many times over.

    However the odds of each of the hundreds of trillions of possible permutations, even reduced, not being hit once is utterly miniscule. And while the nobility tended to marry the nobility, that was only for the lines that continued the noble line which relied heavily on primogeniture, eventually the 4th child of the 4th child of the 4th child etc isn't getting noble marriages anymore though they still have the same direct ancestry.

    The odds of anyone on this board not being a direct descendent by now are so close to zero they effectively are zero.
    Exactly. Very well explained. In fact it is essential there are multiple cousin marriages although some might be 100s of times removed so not a cousin in the accepted sense (ie we are all cousins) as the power of 2 calculation will come to a number greater than the entire population many times over.

    So not only are we all direct decedents, but we are multiple times over.
  • StillWatersStillWaters Posts: 9,348

    What happens if we do that and the next day Russia continues bombing as usual?
    Then we abide by the terms of our treaty.

    Unless your masters in Russia, the UK and other European countries believe that treaties between sovereign nations such as the UK and Ukraine should be stuck to
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322

    Having been adopted at three months I have no idea who my parents were. But I do have blue eyes, which must count for something when separating the wheat from the chaff.
    You are probably descended from Nazis, or something.
  • maxhmaxh Posts: 1,546
    ydoethur said:

    Short by 30 days of what was needed.
    Not if Vance is the alternative.
  • viewcodeviewcode Posts: 23,778

    The They/Them Dragoons.
    Armed with sabres.

    Motto?

    "They slash them"

    😀
  • MexicanpeteMexicanpete Posts: 30,585
    edited March 2

    And indeed less than Keir Starmer.
    Indeed, and I was one of the posters demanding Starmer's resignation on Thursday but for diametrically opposed reasons from yours.

    My concern was later borne out by the debacle in the Oval Office. Starmer by inviting Trump to Balmoral did indeed bring shame on our nation. However his indiscretion is nothing compared to your necklace wearing lady friend who has gone full frontal Trumpster. Shame on her!
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    Claude agrees with Grok

    “Rollo of Normandy has somewhere between 2m to 50m direct descendants alive, worldwide, today”

    So certainly not “everyone alive in europe” - but nonetheless even more than Elon Musk
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834

    Indeed.

    Its complicated by the fact you're incapable of doing the damn maths and so are relying upon AI to do it for you.
    Somebody who started out boasting about his super-intelligence then proceeded to prove himself to be an idiot, unable to understand something even when it's spelled out for him.

    A day to remember.
  • bondegezoubondegezou Posts: 13,074
    Jonathan said:

    That’s true. I know that because some lawyers contacted me to confirm that I am Kevin’s direct heir. I thought I would be quids in, but all I inherited was a can of primordial soup.
    To be pedantic, as is the first rule of PB, there’s a couple of billion of years between primordial soup and amoebas evolving.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143

    I think that is too high an estimate and doesn’t take account of realistic heritage. Just applying the law of big numbers doesn’t work without understanding the rules. Your assumption is of random breeding for say 48 generations but that won’t have been the case.
    It doesn't need to either, the numbers are that big that all the possible combinations come to the fore.

    Nobility continued their records via primogeniture looking at their dad's, dad's, dad's, dad's, dad's etc dad and only bothering primarily with firstborn kids and a few others.

    But you share just as much genetic material with every potential combination. Your dad's, mum's, mum's, dad's, dad's, mum's, mum's etc mum is just as much an ancestor and so on and so forth.

    The potential combinations are so huge and it only takes one 'hit' and its in the bloodline.
  • DecrepiterJohnLDecrepiterJohnL Posts: 29,644

    You all seem to be forgetting cousin marraiage. An awful lot of those huge number of ancestors are the same person many, many times over. Historically two things were true. The nobility tended to marry within the nobility. And people generally moved around a heck of a lot less. Think about regional accents. They have arisen because people didn’t mix that much. It’s entirely plausible that anyone on this board isn’t a direct descendent of Rollo.
    It is a bit like asserting that every bridge hand is unique because the number of permutations of playing cards is greater than the number of atoms in the universe. It is true as far as it goes but ignores that all new packs of cards are sorted identically and most people can't shuffle very well (which is why casinos use machines).
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031
    Jonathan said:

    That’s true. I know that because some lawyers contacted me to confirm that I am Kevin’s direct heir. I thought I would be quids in, but all I inherited was a can of primordial soup.
    Genuine lol!
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322
    IanB2 said:

    Not when you have 300,000,000,000,000 ancestors to distribute between probably 25,000,000 people, it isn't.

    It's the old story of the human mind struggling with compounding, such that it's so hard to appreciate that a single penny doubled each day for a month would net you nearly eleven million pounds, even when you know the answer already.
    No, it’s not. You are making the doubling mistake from covid. Take an isolated Scottish village, or Cornish, or wherever. Until the 20th century most people rarely move away and tended to marry and breed locally. They would have had the same ancestors popping up all over their family past by dint of geography.
    Yes we are have vast numbers of ancestors but you cannot just use x! to say we all have the SAME ancestors when x is large enough.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031

    It doesn't need to either, the numbers are that big that all the possible combinations come to the fore.

    Nobility continued their records via primogeniture looking at their dad's, dad's, dad's, dad's, dad's etc dad and only bothering primarily with firstborn kids and a few others.

    But you share just as much genetic material with every potential combination. Your dad's, mum's, mum's, dad's, dad's, mum's, mum's etc mum is just as much an ancestor and so on and so forth.

    The potential combinations are so huge and it only takes one 'hit' and its in the bloodline.
    It's also skewed because a king could shag any wench that took his fancy.
  • StillWatersStillWaters Posts: 9,348

    Then it gets fun.
    I know it was meant as a flip comment

    But we should always remember that war is never fun. It should always be the last choice but sometimes it is necessary - in all cases an endeavour to be undertaken with a heavy heart
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163

    I think that is too high an estimate and doesn’t take account of realistic heritage. Just applying the law of big numbers doesn’t work without understanding the rules. Your assumption is of random breeding for say 48 generations but that won’t have been the case.
    The mathematical evidence used modelling of realistic heritage. You'd have to point out which of the model's assumptions are wrong. For example in Chang's paper here http://www.stat.yale.edu/~jtc5/papers/CommonAncestors/AAP_99_CommonAncestors_paper.pdf

    DNA evidence confirms this too: https://gcbias.org/european-genealogy-faq/
  • MexicanpeteMexicanpete Posts: 30,585

    To be pedantic, as is the first rule of PB, there’s a couple of billion of years between primordial soup and amoebas evolving.
    Despite your welcome health warning PB pedants correcting jokes is very vexing.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031

    To be pedantic, as is the first rule of PB, there’s a couple of billion of years between primordial soup and amoebas evolving.
    To be fair, he didn't claim it was within its use by date...
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143

    No, it’s not. You are making the doubling mistake from covid. Take an isolated Scottish village, or Cornish, or wherever. Until the 20th century most people rarely move away and tended to marry and breed locally. They would have had the same ancestors popping up all over their family past by dint of geography.
    Yes we are have vast numbers of ancestors but you cannot just use x! to say we all have the SAME ancestors when x is large enough.
    Rarely is not never. It only takes one person to move to that isolated Scottish village in the past thousand years and they bring their ancestry with them.
  • Sunil_PrasannanSunil_Prasannan Posts: 53,196
    glw said:

    41 days in office, 11 days golfing so far.
    "Now watch this drive!"
  • Pro_RataPro_Rata Posts: 5,505

    To be pedantic, as is the first rule of PB, there’s a couple of billion of years between primordial soup and amoebas evolving.
    FAKE PRIMORDIAL SOUP!!!!!!

    The scandal. I hope you get that lawyer struck off.
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    IanB2 said:

    That's another fail. Why not give up with the original problem, which is clearly beyond you?

    Try yourself on this simpler one. Does the fact that three AIs give three widely different - effectively conflicting - answers, more likely mean:

    A: that it's a "genuine puzzle with much dispute"?

    or:

    B: that AIs have a very long way to go before we can rely on them to give accurate answers to complicated questions?

    Take your time. Clue: it's either A, or B.
    Actually yes. I agree. B. Tho maybe not “very long way”. Definitely a way

    This is an interesting use case where AIs are showing obvious failings - but they still grasp it better than many on here

    Problematically for the Elon haters it looks like Grok 3 is the most nuanced
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    Leon said:

    Claude agrees with Grok

    “Rollo of Normandy has somewhere between 2m to 50m direct descendants alive, worldwide, today”

    So certainly not “everyone alive in europe” - but nonetheless even more than Elon Musk

    Just stop digging? Your running from one AI website to another, in search of a brain, is becoming pitiful.
  • DougSealDougSeal Posts: 12,639

    To be pedantic, as is the first rule of PB, there’s a couple of billion of years between primordial soup and amoebas evolving.
    Kevin inherited the soup himself. It’s an heirloom.

    (why do people insist on pedantry in reaction to jokes?)
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163

    It is a bit like asserting that every bridge hand is unique because the number of permutations of playing cards is greater than the number of atoms in the universe. It is true as far as it goes but ignores that all new packs of cards are sorted identically and most people can't shuffle very well (which is why casinos use machines).
    You are right that simply using big numbers isn't enough, but again I can only refer you to the scientific literature:

    https://gcbias.org/european-genealogy-faq/
    and
    http://www.stat.yale.edu/~jtc5/papers/Ancestors.pdf

    which both say Europeans have the same ancestors 1000 years ago

    and ask someone to point out where they are going wrong.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031
    Leon said:

    This is fun. I’m going to try Claude

    Claude reigns....
  • kjhkjh Posts: 12,317
    Leon said:

    It’s a tiny bit more complicated than that
    Er, it really isn't. I speak as someone with a degree in mathematics, although frankly this is GCSE maths or lower.

    You have 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great grand parents, etc. Keep going back until say the year 1000 with say a generation every 25 years and see how many great grandparents we all have and compare it to the population at the time (and that isn't including lines that died out, who obviously don't have descendent. You will then see that they will all be your g.grandfather several times over.
  • turbotubbsturbotubbs Posts: 18,322
    kamski said:

    The mathematical evidence used modelling of realistic heritage. You'd have to point out which of the model's assumptions are wrong. For example in Chang's paper here http://www.stat.yale.edu/~jtc5/papers/CommonAncestors/AAP_99_CommonAncestors_paper.pdf

    DNA evidence confirms this too: https://gcbias.org/european-genealogy-faq/
    That kind of DNA evidence isn’t suggesting quite what you think it is. For instance people in rollo’s time would also have have had an awful lot of shared DNA, so genetics isn’t clear cut unless there was a specific Rollo gene that only he had and then passed on.
  • Casino_RoyaleCasino_Royale Posts: 62,047
    Looks like it might be sunny, for more or less the whole of next week, and above 10C.

    FFS.
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    edited March 2

    No, it’s not. You are making the doubling mistake from covid. Take an isolated Scottish village, or Cornish, or wherever. Until the 20th century most people rarely move away and tended to marry and breed locally. They would have had the same ancestors popping up all over their family past by dint of geography.
    Yes we are have vast numbers of ancestors but you cannot just use x! to say we all have the SAME ancestors when x is large enough.
    The flaw in your thinking is the same as Leon's - inability to appreciate the scale of the numbers we're talking about. The words "most" and "rarely" and "tended" are where you're going wrong. For sure, each of us will have a bias in those 300,000,000,000,000 ancestors toward certain geographies or ethnicities, as DNA testing can now reveal. But over all that time it takes just one person to enter that isolated community and your conclusion collapses.

    My family, going back to the late 1800s, all come from London or thereabouts, and given its cosmopolitan history my spread of ancestors is likely to be more evenly distributed over a Dark Ages population than Leon's, assuming a significant chunk of his family originates from somewhere remote like Cornwall. That he may have one link established through documentation probably doesn't tilt the odds in his favour.
  • Sunil_PrasannanSunil_Prasannan Posts: 53,196

    Looks like it might be sunny, for more or less the whole of next week, and above 10C.

    FFS.

    It's getting dark AFTER 5.30PM.

    FFS
  • LeonLeon Posts: 58,914
    I’d just like to point out that not only I am one of the vanishingly few provable direct descendants of Rollo of Normandy I am also about to miss my plane to Shanghai
  • BenpointerBenpointer Posts: 35,099
    edited March 2
    kjh said:

    Exactly. Very well explained. In fact it is essential there are multiple cousin marriages although some might be 100s of times removed so not a cousin in the accepted sense (ie we are all cousins) as the power of 2 calculation will come to a number greater than the entire population many times over.

    So not only are we all direct decedents, but we are multiple times over.
    Ah, the joy of a Political Betting discussion on... Ancestry. I'm loving it!

    To pitch in with my two ha'penny worth:

    @Leon should forget old Rollo - just as I should forget my family name connection to one of William's henchmen, Miles de Venoix - because we are both also descended from William the Conqueror himself of course - a much more significant ancestor!

    Ah, but @Leon can prove the lineage to Rollo... Unfortunately, that is to forget that an estimated 5% of named fathers were not the biological father.
  • TheuniondivvieTheuniondivvie Posts: 42,976
    I’m reminded by a tweet from some outfit called Westminster Collection advertising a hideous geegaw that we’re hurtling towards the 80th anniversary of VE Day. I assume that international arrest warrants notwithstanding most of the participants will have high ranking representation present. That’ll be a jolly jamboree.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    IanB2 said:

    The flaw in your thinking is the same as Leon's - inability to appreciate the scale of the numbers we're talking about. The words "most" and "rarely" and "tended" are where you're going wrong. For sure, each of us will have a bias in those 300,000,000,000,000 ancestors toward certain geographies or ethnicities, as DNA testing can now reveal. But over all that time it takes just one person to enter that isolated community and your conclusion collapses.

    My family, going back to the late 1800s, all come from London or thereabouts, and given its cosmopolitan history my spread of ancestors is likely to be more evenly distributed over a Dark Ages population than Leon's, assuming a significant chunk of his family originates from somewhere remote like Cornwall. That he may have one link established through documentation probably doesn't tilt the odds in his favour.
    Exactly. If anyone enters a "remote village" and has a child who has a child then before too many generations everyone in that remote village has the shared ancestry of the person who entered the village.

    Rarely and never are two very different things and over enough instances all your "rare" occasions are still happening.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031

    Looks like it might be sunny, for more or less the whole of next week, and above 10C.

    FFS.

    No excuse to avoid being out in the garden, digging.

    FFS.
  • BenpointerBenpointer Posts: 35,099
    Leon said:

    I’d just like to point out that not only I am one of the vanishingly few provable direct descendants of Rollo of Normandy I am also about to miss my plane to Shanghai

    You also appear to have been banned. That's put paid to your argument.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    Oh dear, looks like the conversation has prematurely ended, I assume because of all the AI rule breaking.

    Just goes to show how crap the AI systems are though that they fail to understand such basic maths that most of us here, being educated people, can actually understand.
  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163

    That kind of DNA evidence isn’t suggesting quite what you think it is. For instance people in rollo’s time would also have have had an awful lot of shared DNA, so genetics isn’t clear cut unless there was a specific Rollo gene that only he had and then passed on.
    I don't think anything, haven't done the maths, nor studied the genetics. I'm trusting the authors Peter Ralph and Graham Coop's conclusions:

    "What did you find?

    There is a lot of information in the data. The main conclusions we came to are that: everyone is related, surprisingly recently; and there are regional differences in patterns of relatedness due to historical events.

    Ubiquitous shared ancestry: We found that even people living on opposite sides of Europe are genealogically closely related to each other over the past thousand years. Even pairs of people as far apart as the UK and Turkey share a chunk of genomic material 20% of the time. Since the chance that two people inherit genetic material from any one shared ancestor from 1,000 years ago is incredibly unlikely (<10-10), to explain such sharing we need these pairs of individuals to share many ancestors. In fact, they need to share a number of ancestors that is far larger than the size of European population, indicating that any pair of individuals share as ancestors all of the individuals alive back at the time in Europe, each many times over.

    This strange idea that everyone is everyone’s ancestor was actually predicted about ten years ago by Joseph Chang (and collaborators) using maths and simulations. In hindsight this is intuitively clear, due to the rapidly expanding number of ancestors you have as you go back further and further in time. You have 2 parents, 4 grand-parents, 8 great-grandparents, and so on doubling every generation. After k generations you have 2^k ancestors, and this number grows so quickly that just a thousand years back (~30 generations) you have roughly 1 billion ancestors, which is far larger than the population size of the Earth (let alone Europe) back then. The consequence is that anyone alive 1,000 years ago who left any descendants will be an ancestor of every European. While the world population is larger than the European population, the rate of growth of number of ancestors quickly dwarfs this difference, and so every human is likely related genealogically to every other human over only a slightly longer time period."
  • IanB2IanB2 Posts: 50,834
    edited March 2

    Another issue, however, is that recorded trees of ancestry aren’t going to be very reliable. Quite a few people don’t have the father they supposedly have. Ergo, relying on some genealogical research that far back is pointless because actually your great great great granddaddy isn’t your great great great granddaddy.
    Estimates of the number of children who are not the sons or daughters of their father range from 1% to 3%. On top of which there are smaller possibilities for the mother (switched babies, etc.).

    If we take the lowest estimate of 1% for the father and ignore the mother, and apply it to the 48 generations over which Leon claims to have this link, there's a 40% chance that it was broken. At 2% there's nearly a 60% chance, and at 3% it's three to one that Leon's claim is false.
  • geoffwgeoffw Posts: 8,938
    Starmer ... cometh the moment, cometh the man?
  • kjhkjh Posts: 12,317

    Indeed.

    Its complicated by the fact you're incapable of doing the damn maths and so are relying upon AI to do it for you.
    I have to say this is astounding that he can't do the maths. His whole world of high IQ claims has just imploded spectacularly. It is so trivial.
  • BenpointerBenpointer Posts: 35,099
    How big can a PB blockquote become before the university implodes?
  • Dura_AceDura_Ace Posts: 14,165
    LOL. Five days No.9s for old mate.
  • TheScreamingEaglesTheScreamingEagles Posts: 121,208

    NEW THREAD

  • kamskikamski Posts: 6,163
    Dura_Ace said:

    LOL. Five days No.9s for old mate.

    How true.
  • tlg86tlg86 Posts: 26,421
    I was hoping that Starmer would be hoping for the best and planning for the worst. I’m not hearing that this morning.
  • BartholomewRobertsBartholomewRoberts Posts: 23,143
    DavidL said:

    The nature of warfare is changing very fast. Last year Ukraine produced more than 1.3m drones for its military to use, comfortably more than anyone else in the world. This year there will be considerably more. How much longer will the Russian manpower advantage even be relevant?

    The Russians, in contrast, have largely been dependent upon running down huge stocks of artillery and tanks together with imports paid for by capital reserves which are now exhausted.

    This war is not developing to Russia’s advantage, not at all. The balance is swinging in Ukraine’s favour but they still need financial help to keep their government running, the economy moving and the Russians at bay until the swing becomes more decisive. Hopefully they will get it today.

    It’s weird how much Trump has misjudged this. It’s almost as if they were getting their information from Russia.

    Well said.

    There is a reason Putin's shills are desperate for "peace" soon and it is because Russia is getting close to culmination.

    Europe needs to stand firm and back Ukraine.

    Trump was completely wrong to say Ukraine doesn't "hold any cards", it is Russia that is failing more than Ukraine. Russia's already raided its prisons and sent North Koreans in meatwaves to the front, they're running out of money and meat to send to the grinder.

    If Europe backs Ukraine fully, then even if Trump cuts America's support, Ukraine still should win this war. If Europe stands firm, I doubt Putin will make it to the end of Trump's term, which would be quite an irony and what a legacy for Trump to be the US POTUS who upended America's relationships and backed the wrong horse.
  • MarqueeMarkMarqueeMark Posts: 54,031
    DavidL said:

    The nature of warfare is changing very fast. Last year Ukraine produced more than 1.3m drones for its military to use, comfortably more than anyone else in the world. This year there will be considerably more. How much longer will the Russian manpower advantage even be relevant?

    The Russians, in contrast, have largely been dependent upon running down huge stocks of artillery and tanks together with imports paid for by capital reserves which are now exhausted.

    This war is not developing to Russia’s advantage, not at all. The balance is swinging in Ukraine’s favour but they still need financial help to keep their government running, the economy moving and the Russians at bay until the swing becomes more decisive. Hopefully they will get it today.

    It’s weird how much Trump has misjudged this. It’s almost as if they were getting their information from Russia.

    The amount of Russian kit destroyed is remarkable. These are the claimed "kills" by the Ukrainians:

    Tanks — 10241 (+8)
    Armored fighting vehicle — 21274 (+25)
    Artillery systems — 23959 (+51)
    MLRS — 1306 (+2)
    Anti-aircraft warfare — 1091 (+3)

    Even if you halve them, that is still untold billions. The anti-aircraft systems alone are often cited as being $10m plus a pop. The Soviet stockpiles are gone. The troops are now often old men on crutches, forced to go back and finish the job of getting killed for Mother Russia.

    Russia has battled on the assumpton that Trump will deliver a ceasefire. They've gone all in with men and materal. It’s weird how much Russia has misjudged this. It’s almost as if they were getting their information from Trump...
This discussion has been closed.