As part of the analysis, they looked at party vote percentages in each seat and whether they should be calculated on an additive or multiplicative basis. This makes a significant difference when there is a large change in votes, as shown by the Lib Dems in the 2015 election, as a simple % deduction in vote share would lead to some negative votes in weaker consituences. PB had a number of discussions at the time on this point.
The article linked above has this analysis:
Distinguished pollster Peter Keller wrote an article last year detailing how MRP has a tendency to model parties losing more votes in seats where they are the strongest, and lose fewer votes in seats in which they are weakest.
One of his main points is the distinction, for a declining party such as the Conservatives, between additive and multiplicative models. In an additive model, the Conservative vote share would decline by a constant additive amount in each seat, and in a multiplicative model, the decline would be by a constant multiplicative fraction. For example, the Conservatives decline from 45% to 22% could be modelled either by subtracting 23% from the Conservative vote share in each seat, or by multiplying it by 0.49 (which is 22%/45%).
Kellner points out that historically, party decline has been additive, but the MRP model is essentially multiplicative. The multiplicative model would predict greater seat losses, particularly in strong Tory seats, which might be incorrect.
To investigate this, we looked at our poll in more detail. We divided the country up into eight groups of seats, according to the strength of the Conservative vote share in the 2019 election from the 75 strongest Conservative seats (Group 1 seats), followed by the next 75 strongest (Group 2 seats), and so down to the weakest Conservative seats (Group 8 seats). GE 2019 VI from Poll Con change CON LAB CON LAB Additive Multiplicative Group 1 45% 13% 21% 19% -23% -53% Group 2 42% 15% 17% 22% -25% -59% Group 3 40% 15% 19% 24% -21% -53% Group 4 36% 20% 16% 27% -20% -55% Group 5 32% 22% 16% 27% -16% -50% Group 6 25% 26% 13% 31% -12% -48% Group 7 19% 29% 9% 28% -10% -52% Group 8 11% 33% 5% 37% -6% -54%
For each group of seats, we measured how respondents in that group were planning to vote, using standard quota-weighted polling. The MRP model was not used to make these figures.
We see that the additive change in Conservative vote share varies strongly by group, but the multiplicative change is relative constant at around -53%. This suggests that the multiplicative model is a fair model of current voter behaviour, though in strong Conservative seats the additive model works well too.
It is just that we are familiar with banal tube line names: Circle, Central, Northern and so on.
The Circle line isn't a circle, and the Northern line goes further south than any other tube line. I can't comment on all the new Overground names but my local line, the Windrush line, seems very aptly named.
Some of them are reasonable. Windrush. Mildmay. Weaver is a bit dubious but there was some weaving on some parts of the line, so it can pass.
Others are silly. Suffragettes. Liberty (what does that even mean in this context)? Lionesses, well, at the moment they're riding high but the reasoning seems forced.
It illustrates one of the issues with the current left wing thinking - even when they have a good underlying point they tend to push it to far and leaving sensible people* thinking 'wtf?'
I can see why they liked the Suffragettes...
*Not necessarily including Leon here.
The Suffragette Line should have been officially called the Goblin - I think that’s what many knew it as;Gospel Oak to Barking line
I have to go, so a final thought, I do find it amusing how many left-wingers here are objecting to my saying that it is not Brexit it is economic mismanagement that is leading to Britain's lack of growth per capita and productivity growth.
Because economic mismanagement is easier to fix than Brexit via a change of Government and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
I am suggesting if a new Government comes that directs our expenditure more to capital investment rather than all going on current expenditure, then that will boost our productivity and growth.
To which our left-wingers here seem to be appalled at that idea. Not entirely sure why?
It is just that we are familiar with banal tube line names: Circle, Central, Northern and so on.
The Circle line isn't a circle, and the Northern line goes further south than any other tube line. I can't comment on all the new Overground names but my local line, the Windrush line, seems very aptly named.
Some of them are reasonable. Windrush. Mildmay. Weaver is a bit dubious but there was some weaving on some parts of the line, so it can pass.
Others are silly. Suffragettes. Liberty (what does that even mean in this context)? Lionesses, well, at the moment they're riding high but the reasoning seems forced.
It illustrates one of the issues with the current left wing thinking - even when they have a good underlying point they tend to push it to far and leaving sensible people* thinking 'wtf?'
I can see why they liked the Suffragettes...
*Not necessarily including Leon here.
Windrush and Mildmay aren't bad ideas for names. The rest of them are crap, and infantile. And no sense of history. If you *must* do woke, then why not the Pankhurst line, rather than the Suffragette line? As for the lioness line, it's more than a bit cringe, especially for those of us who don't like football of any variety, let alone the women's kind. Might as well name it the Spice Girl line, weren't they all about women's empowerment? It's about the same level of gravitas.
A cheeky Conservative response might be to suggest they name the lines after our female and ethnic minority prime ministers. Of course, the down side to this would mean someone would end up getting the Truss line...
So much on Sunak's promise to get inflation under control My car insurance has just gone up by 67%. That's with a low mileage and no claims for the last 37 years. For a lot of people, driving a car is an essential activity...think plumbers, electricians, gardeners, home carers and district nurses, delivery drivers, so a big knock on cost on many services
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
I have to go, so a final thought, I do find it amusing how many left-wingers here are objecting to my saying that it is not Brexit it is economic mismanagement that is leading to Britain's lack of growth per capita and productivity growth.
Because economic mismanagement is easier to fix than Brexit via a change of Government and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
I am suggesting if a new Government comes that directs our expenditure more to capital investment rather than all going on current expenditure, then that will boost our productivity and growth.
To which our left-wingers here seem to be appalled at that idea. Not entirely sure why?
I don't think you'll find any left-winger suggest that Brexit is the only piece of economic mismanagement performed by the government.
So much on Sunak's promise to get inflation under control My car insurance has just gone up by 67%. That's with a low mileage and no claims for the last 37 years. For a lot of people, driving a car is an essential activity...think plumbers, electricians, gardeners, home carers and district nurses, delivery drivers, so a big knock on cost on many services
Have you used a comparison site or is that just the renewal quote?
My renewal end of last year the quote was obscene like that but using a comparison site [as I had the year before] my actual renewal cost was a marginal increase.
Pop quiz: Is anyone here actually against us rejoining EEA/EFTA?
Not me. I have argued for it since long before Brexit. You get the free trade and free movement without the political BS and the huge costs. I am just sorry it took too long and cost me my £100 bet with Richard N.
I have to go, so a final thought, I do find it amusing how many left-wingers here are objecting to my saying that it is not Brexit it is economic mismanagement that is leading to Britain's lack of growth per capita and productivity growth.
Because economic mismanagement is easier to fix than Brexit via a change of Government and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
I am suggesting if a new Government comes that directs our expenditure more to capital investment rather than all going on current expenditure, then that will boost our productivity and growth.
To which our left-wingers here seem to be appalled at that idea. Not entirely sure why?
I don't think you'll find any left-winger suggest that Brexit is the only piece of economic mismanagement performed by the government.
But you think Tory stewardship has been so good that in a counterfactual without Brexit we'd be growing more than Europe/France etc?
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
Looks a bit voodoo, without more info. I can see they've weighted the results, but that only works if they've got a representative sample in the groups they weight on.
Would really need to know how they selected participants before putting any weight on it. If they did random address selection (or even random streets/areas) and chose a sensible time of day then it could be ok. If they stood on the main shopping street during working hours then they could get a real nonsense sample.
(My wife used to get paid relatively good money for, among other things, analysing voodoo polls - the consultancy business she worked for commissioned people on minimum wage to stand outside stations asking people about their transport habits - for some reason they picked up a lot of train users )
After yesterday’s inflation news there must have been relief in 10. Today’s GDP figures are a disaster for Sunak.
They can spin it’s a technical recession , backward looking data blah blah ....
The fact is one of his pledges has imploded . Hunt standing there saying the plan is working only makes matters worse .
It just looks delusional and out of touch .
But Hunt has to say something.
And "it's a nightmare but there's not a lot I can do about it" might be more accurate but it's unsayable.
Or he could be even more outrageous and try 'Well I did say at the time that it would be a financial disaster and the health service might collapse but that's what the country voted for and we now have to make the best of it'
I have to go, so a final thought, I do find it amusing how many left-wingers here are objecting to my saying that it is not Brexit it is economic mismanagement that is leading to Britain's lack of growth per capita and productivity growth.
Because economic mismanagement is easier to fix than Brexit via a change of Government and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
I am suggesting if a new Government comes that directs our expenditure more to capital investment rather than all going on current expenditure, then that will boost our productivity and growth.
To which our left-wingers here seem to be appalled at that idea. Not entirely sure why?
I don't think you'll find any left-winger suggest that Brexit is the only piece of economic mismanagement performed by the government.
But you think Tory stewardship has been so good that in a counterfactual without Brexit we'd be growing more than Europe/France etc?
Hard to square those circles.
I think it's probably down to hardworking innovative millennials.
Poor leadership wouldn't have helped but the reason the Tories face wipeout is all here. Even if voters can stand the social consequences of their 2016 vote which is becomming more significant by the day the economic consequences are here for all to see. Johnson farage Cameron Cummings and 90% of present Tory MPs having shot themselves in the foot should now aim higher
I agree. I think Occam's Razor applies here. If it walks like a duck...
The Brexiteers will spin off into a million different directions trying to argue that it is absolutely nothing to do with Brexit. Our poor performance cannot possibly be anything to do with the absolute insanity of taking ourselves out of the Single Market and ending Freedom of Movement. The ever mounting pile of reports from think tanks, banks, universities, economists off all stripes, that argue, with clear robust evidence, that Brexit has caused huge, and lasting, economic damage well, they're all wrong.
Still, the rich citizens of nowhere who conned us into this are doing absolutely fine. So sod the rest of us, eh?
A good post but I'd argue that those who led us into this blind alley weren't 'the citizens of nowhere' in the Theresa May meaning but the worst of the worst 'The little Englanders'. The Rees Moggs. The English exceptionalists of which we have several examples on here.
Rees-Mogg perhaps straddles both camps? He was cynical enough to shift his hedge fund to Ireland, I think? Like Dyson didn't build a promised factory here. Nor Ratcliffe. Because Brexit.
But The Little Englanders are just the useful idiots who cheerfully, eagerly, swallowed the guff spouted by the super rich, happily voting to make themselves and their loved ones poorer, in an increasingly dilapidated country, because we used to have an empire and sovereignty, or something. Nostalgia for a half-remembered Raj, for Rhodesia and Malaya, as foreign policy in the 21st century.
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
Not great numbers for Reform if this poll is accurate.
Pop quiz: Is anyone here actually against us rejoining EEA/EFTA?
Not me. I have argued for it since long before Brexit. You get the free trade and free movement without the political BS and the huge costs. I am just sorry it took too long and cost me my £100 bet with Richard N.
Well we've certainly been spared the political BS and the huge costs....
Pop quiz: Is anyone here actually against us rejoining EEA/EFTA?
Not me. I have argued for it since long before Brexit. You get the free trade and free movement without the political BS and the huge costs. I am just sorry it took too long and cost me my £100 bet with Richard N.
Ditto. It was strongly argued for by a minority before during and after the referendum, mostly as a position from which a longer term strategy could be worked out. Had we done it, I suspect it would have proved very long term. And we should start doing it right now.
In essence it was the nearest thing, if not near enough, to being in a proper and well developed free trade association with out closest friends and allies but not in a process towards political union - a matter which was and is inevitable now there is a common currency etc.
Poor leadership wouldn't have helped but the reason the Tories face wipeout is all here. Even if voters can stand the social consequences of their 2016 vote which is becomming more significant by the day the economic consequences are here for all to see. Johnson farage Cameron Cummings and 90% of present Tory MPs having shot themselves in the foot should now aim higher
I agree. I think Occam's Razor applies here. If it walks like a duck...
The Brexiteers will spin off into a million different directions trying to argue that it is absolutely nothing to do with Brexit. Our poor performance cannot possibly be anything to do with the absolute insanity of taking ourselves out of the Single Market and ending Freedom of Movement. The ever mounting pile of reports from think tanks, banks, universities, economists off all stripes, that argue, with clear robust evidence, that Brexit has caused huge, and lasting, economic damage well, they're all wrong.
Still, the rich citizens of nowhere who conned us into this are doing absolutely fine. So sod the rest of us, eh?
A good post but I'd argue that those who led us into this blind alley weren't 'the citizens of nowhere' in the Theresa May meaning but the worst of the worst 'The little Englanders'. The Rees Moggs. The English exceptionalists of which we have several examples on here.
Rees-Mogg perhaps straddles both camps? He was cynical enough to shift his hedge fund to Ireland, I think? Like Dyson didn't build a promised factory here. Nor Ratcliffe. Because Brexit.
But The Little Englanders are just the useful idiots who cheerfully, eagerly, swallowed the guff spouted by the super rich, happily voting to make themselves and their loved ones poorer, in an increasingly dilapidated country, because we used to have an empire and sovereignty, or something. Nostalgia for a half-remembered Raj, for Rhodesia and Malaya, as foreign policy in the 21st century.
The reason that Dyson didn't *expand* the factory here was that a group of well off incomers liked their idyllic country existence near untouched by progress. You know, jobs for the actual locals.
So they prevented any expansion of the existing site.
If you want factories in the UK, then you have to like them, when they are built next door.
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
Not great numbers for Reform if this poll is accurate.
First thought- it's face to face, and UK polling has moved away from that because people lie in that situation. Question is, what is the main lie being told?
Second thought- if Reform don't break through in Wellingborough today, where and when do they do so?
That choice of photo really brings home the horror of low traffic areas.
What if a busy executive wanted to drive down that street in his Range Rover to visit his sick grandmother in hospital? Those selfish cafe customers and the couple idly looking in a shop window could literally mean he misses her dying words. It's sobering stuff.
It is just that we are familiar with banal tube line names: Circle, Central, Northern and so on.
The Circle line isn't a circle, and the Northern line goes further south than any other tube line. I can't comment on all the new Overground names but my local line, the Windrush line, seems very aptly named.
Some of them are reasonable. Windrush. Mildmay. Weaver is a bit dubious but there was some weaving on some parts of the line, so it can pass.
Others are silly. Suffragettes. Liberty (what does that even mean in this context)? Lionesses, well, at the moment they're riding high but the reasoning seems forced.
It illustrates one of the issues with the current left wing thinking - even when they have a good underlying point they tend to push it to far and leaving sensible people* thinking 'wtf?'
I can see why they liked the Suffragettes...
*Not necessarily including Leon here.
Windrush and Mildmay aren't bad ideas for names. The rest of them are crap, and infantile. And no sense of history. If you *must* do woke, then why not the Pankhurst line, rather than the Suffragette line? As for the lioness line, it's more than a bit cringe, especially for those of us who don't like football of any variety, let alone the women's kind. Might as well name it the Spice Girl line, weren't they all about women's empowerment? It's about the same level of gravitas.
A cheeky Conservative response might be to suggest they name the lines after our female and ethnic minority prime ministers. Of course, the down side to this would mean someone would end up getting the Truss line...
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
Looks a bit voodoo, without more info. I can see they've weighted the results, but that only works if they've got a representative sample in the groups they weight on.
Would really need to know how they selected participants before putting any weight on it. If they did random address selection (or even random streets/areas) and chose a sensible time of day then it could be ok. If they stood on the main shopping street during working hours then they could get a real nonsense sample.
(My wife used to get paid relatively good money for, among other things, analysing voodoo polls - the consultancy business she worked for commissioned people on minimum wage to stand outside stations asking people about their transport habits - for some reason they picked up a lot of train users )
Older PB users were often bored by my explanation of why pollsters' once-popular last digit randomisation method of sampling was flawed.
Suffragette Line is a bit of a mouthful, TBH, but I’m glad they have changed the colours. Having just orange for six or seven different lines made no sense.
Next steps:
• create separate colours and names for all the different Northern lines • reduce Waterloo & City and Hammersmith & City to just one word (why do they alone have three words?) • remove the word line on the Liz line branding (why is this the only line that does this?)
Torsten Bell @TorstenBell · 2h Seriously people - look at what's happening in terms of GDP/capita (which is what ultimately matters for our living standards). This is a proper recession just being hidden by having more people - GDP/capita declined 0.7 per cent in 2023 with falls in every single quarter
I tend to associate recession with unemployment, as that was the era I grew up in. The lack of unemployment makes this 'feel' different, which I think is what our hants correspondent is saying.
It is just that we are familiar with banal tube line names: Circle, Central, Northern and so on.
The Circle line isn't a circle, and the Northern line goes further south than any other tube line. I can't comment on all the new Overground names but my local line, the Windrush line, seems very aptly named.
Some of them are reasonable. Windrush. Mildmay. Weaver is a bit dubious but there was some weaving on some parts of the line, so it can pass.
Others are silly. Suffragettes. Liberty (what does that even mean in this context)? Lionesses, well, at the moment they're riding high but the reasoning seems forced.
It illustrates one of the issues with the current left wing thinking - even when they have a good underlying point they tend to push it to far and leaving sensible people* thinking 'wtf?'
I can see why they liked the Suffragettes...
*Not necessarily including Leon here.
Windrush and Mildmay aren't bad ideas for names. The rest of them are crap, and infantile. And no sense of history. If you *must* do woke, then why not the Pankhurst line, rather than the Suffragette line? As for the lioness line, it's more than a bit cringe, especially for those of us who don't like football of any variety, let alone the women's kind. Might as well name it the Spice Girl line, weren't they all about women's empowerment? It's about the same level of gravitas.
A cheeky Conservative response might be to suggest they name the lines after our female and ethnic minority prime ministers. Of course, the down side to this would mean someone would end up getting the Truss line...
Delightfully retro. Presents me with the same dilemma I had as an adolescent - spending hours ruminating over which one I'd lick from top to bottom first.
It is just that we are familiar with banal tube line names: Circle, Central, Northern and so on.
The Circle line isn't a circle, and the Northern line goes further south than any other tube line. I can't comment on all the new Overground names but my local line, the Windrush line, seems very aptly named.
Some of them are reasonable. Windrush. Mildmay. Weaver is a bit dubious but there was some weaving on some parts of the line, so it can pass.
Others are silly. Suffragettes. Liberty (what does that even mean in this context)? Lionesses, well, at the moment they're riding high but the reasoning seems forced.
It illustrates one of the issues with the current left wing thinking - even when they have a good underlying point they tend to push it to far and leaving sensible people* thinking 'wtf?'
I can see why they liked the Suffragettes...
*Not necessarily including Leon here.
I think from a usability point of view it's not an optimal set of names. You have two names that both start with "Li" and two names that both start with "W". Mildmay is a bit of a weird one to pronounce.
The Israeli government and IDF response is seen as disproportionate .
People conflating that response with Jews worldwide leads to more anti-Semitism .
It’s really not rocket science !
Except that the increase in attacks started on the day of the massacre, well before Israel's response. And some of those attacks against Jews here celebrated the massacre, which is pretty horrifying.
Comments
https://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/blogs/ec_vipoll_20240215.html
As part of the analysis, they looked at party vote percentages in each seat and whether they should be calculated on an additive or multiplicative basis. This makes a significant difference when there is a large change in votes, as shown by the Lib Dems in the 2015 election, as a simple % deduction in vote share would lead to some negative votes in weaker consituences. PB had a number of discussions at the time on this point.
The article linked above has this analysis:
Distinguished pollster Peter Keller wrote an article last year detailing how MRP has a tendency to model parties losing more votes in seats where they are the strongest, and lose fewer votes in seats in which they are weakest.
One of his main points is the distinction, for a declining party such as the Conservatives, between additive and multiplicative models. In an additive model, the Conservative vote share would decline by a constant additive amount in each seat, and in a multiplicative model, the decline would be by a constant multiplicative fraction. For example, the Conservatives decline from 45% to 22% could be modelled either by subtracting 23% from the Conservative vote share in each seat, or by multiplying it by 0.49 (which is 22%/45%).
Kellner points out that historically, party decline has been additive, but the MRP model is essentially multiplicative. The multiplicative model would predict greater seat losses, particularly in strong Tory seats, which might be incorrect.
To investigate this, we looked at our poll in more detail. We divided the country up into eight groups of seats, according to the strength of the Conservative vote share in the 2019 election from the 75 strongest Conservative seats (Group 1 seats), followed by the next 75 strongest (Group 2 seats), and so down to the weakest Conservative seats (Group 8 seats).
GE 2019 VI from Poll Con change
CON LAB CON LAB Additive Multiplicative
Group 1 45% 13% 21% 19% -23% -53%
Group 2 42% 15% 17% 22% -25% -59%
Group 3 40% 15% 19% 24% -21% -53%
Group 4 36% 20% 16% 27% -20% -55%
Group 5 32% 22% 16% 27% -16% -50%
Group 6 25% 26% 13% 31% -12% -48%
Group 7 19% 29% 9% 28% -10% -52%
Group 8 11% 33% 5% 37% -6% -54%
For each group of seats, we measured how respondents in that group were planning to vote, using standard quota-weighted polling. The MRP model was not used to make these figures.
We see that the additive change in Conservative vote share varies strongly by group, but the multiplicative change is relative constant at around -53%. This suggests that the multiplicative model is a fair model of current voter behaviour, though in strong Conservative seats the additive model works well too.
Because economic mismanagement is easier to fix than Brexit via a change of Government and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
I am suggesting if a new Government comes that directs our expenditure more to capital investment rather than all going on current expenditure, then that will boost our productivity and growth.
To which our left-wingers here seem to be appalled at that idea. Not entirely sure why?
Time for a change.
A cheeky Conservative response might be to suggest they name the lines after our female and ethnic minority prime ministers. Of course, the down side to this would mean someone would end up getting the Truss line...
For a lot of people, driving a car is an essential activity...think plumbers, electricians, gardeners, home carers and district nurses, delivery drivers, so a big knock on cost on many services
Have we noted this
https://analysis.irelandthinks.ie/wellingborough-by-election/
on the Wellingborough byelection? No, I have no idea what this is or who they are, or even if it is real, but Politico has linked to it. But it happens to match my intuition. DYOR.
My renewal end of last year the quote was obscene like that but using a comparison site [as I had the year before] my actual renewal cost was a marginal increase.
It does seem to vary a lot though.
Hard to square those circles.
https://takes.jamesomalley.co.uk/p/the-house-of-lords-could-liberate
While it may not seem much the PAF data owned by the royal mail makes simple things like a national “what bin type is it this week” app impossible
Would really need to know how they selected participants before putting any weight on it. If they did random address selection (or even random streets/areas) and chose a sensible time of day then it could be ok. If they stood on the main shopping street during working hours then they could get a real nonsense sample.
(My wife used to get paid relatively good money for, among other things, analysing voodoo polls - the consultancy business she worked for commissioned people on minimum wage to stand outside stations asking people about their transport habits - for some reason they picked up a lot of train users
But The Little Englanders are just the useful idiots who cheerfully, eagerly, swallowed the guff spouted by the super rich, happily voting to make themselves and their loved ones poorer, in an increasingly dilapidated country, because we used to have an empire and sovereignty, or something. Nostalgia for a half-remembered Raj, for Rhodesia and Malaya, as foreign policy in the 21st century.
In essence it was the nearest thing, if not near enough, to being in a proper and well developed free trade association with out closest friends and allies but not in a process towards political union - a matter which was and is inevitable now there is a common currency etc.
So they prevented any expansion of the existing site.
If you want factories in the UK, then you have to like them, when they are built next door.
NEW THREAD
Second thought- if Reform don't break through in Wellingborough today, where and when do they do so?
What if a busy executive wanted to drive down that street in his Range Rover to visit his sick grandmother in hospital? Those selfish cafe customers and the couple idly looking in a shop window could literally mean he misses her dying words. It's sobering stuff.
https://shop.royalmail.com/special-stamp-issues/spice-girls
Next steps:
• create separate colours and names for all the different Northern lines
• reduce Waterloo & City and Hammersmith & City to just one word (why do they alone have three words?)
• remove the word line on the Liz line branding (why is this the only line that does this?)
C- should have done better.
Includes a great story about how the Waterloo & City line colour was chosen. A moral in there for everyone!